Shared phone numbers
A repeated number across differently named listings can be highly relevant. Preserve each listing and show where the number appears.
Shared domains and redirects
Document the exact URLs, redirects and destination pages. A shared marketing provider may explain some overlap, so record the connection without overstating it.
Repeated website templates
Similar wording or design is usually weaker evidence by itself. Combine it with stronger identifiers before drawing conclusions.
Build the graph, then verify
Integrity Graph should surface relationships for review. Human verification determines whether the relationship is meaningful to the case.
Report facts, not a theory
The strongest complaint explains the observed connection and lets the evidence support the policy concern.
Evidence standard: Preserve what you observed, identify the source, distinguish inference from fact, and use current official Google policy when preparing a complaint.